Postgresql Shared Hash Table

/*
 * Select an appropriate directory size for a hashtable with the given
 * maximum number of entries.
 * This is only needed for hashtables in shared memory, whose directories
 * cannot be expanded dynamically.
 * NB: assumes that all hash structure parameters have default values!
 *
 * XXX this had better agree with the behavior of init_htab()...
 */
long
hash_select_dirsize(long num_entries)
{
	long		nBuckets,
				nSegments,
				nDirEntries;

	/* estimate number of buckets wanted */
	nBuckets = next_pow2_long(num_entries);
	/* # of segments needed for nBuckets */
	nSegments = next_pow2_long((nBuckets - 1) / DEF_SEGSIZE + 1);
	/* directory entries */
	nDirEntries = DEF_DIRSIZE;
	while (nDirEntries < nSegments)
		nDirEntries <<= 1;		/* dir_alloc doubles dsize at each call */

	return nDirEntries;
}

/*
 * Constants
 *
 * A hash table has a top-level "directory", each of whose entries points
 * to a "segment" of ssize bucket headers.  The maximum number of hash
 * buckets is thus dsize * ssize (but dsize may be expansible).  Of course,
 * the number of records in the table can be larger, but we don't want a
 * whole lot of records per bucket or performance goes down.
 *
 * In a hash table allocated in shared memory, the directory cannot be
 * expanded because it must stay at a fixed address.  The directory size
 * should be selected using hash_select_dirsize (and you'd better have
 * a good idea of the maximum number of entries!).  For non-shared hash
 * tables, the initial directory size can be left at the default.
 */
#define DEF_SEGSIZE			   256
#define DEF_SEGSIZE_SHIFT	   8	/* must be log2(DEF_SEGSIZE) */
#define DEF_DIRSIZE			   256

/*
 * hash_create -- create a new dynamic hash table
 *
 *	tabname: a name for the table (for debugging purposes)
 *	nelem: maximum number of elements expected
 *	*info: additional table parameters, as indicated by flags
 *	flags: bitmask indicating which parameters to take from *info
 *
 * The flags value *must* include HASH_ELEM.  (Formerly, this was nominally
 * optional, but the default keysize and entrysize values were useless.)
 * The flags value must also include exactly one of HASH_STRINGS, HASH_BLOBS,
 * or HASH_FUNCTION, to define the key hashing semantics (C strings,
 * binary blobs, or custom, respectively).  Callers specifying a custom
 * hash function will likely also want to use HASH_COMPARE, and perhaps
 * also HASH_KEYCOPY, to control key comparison and copying.
 * Another often-used flag is HASH_CONTEXT, to allocate the hash table
 * under info->hcxt rather than under TopMemoryContext; the default
 * behavior is only suitable for session-lifespan hash tables.
 * Other flags bits are special-purpose and seldom used, except for those
 * associated with shared-memory hash tables, for which see ShmemInitHash().
 *
 * Fields in *info are read only when the associated flags bit is set.
 * It is not necessary to initialize other fields of *info.
 * Neither tabname nor *info need persist after the hash_create() call.
 *
 * Note: It is deprecated for callers of hash_create() to explicitly specify
 * string_hash, tag_hash, uint32_hash, or oid_hash.  Just set HASH_STRINGS or
 * HASH_BLOBS.  Use HASH_FUNCTION only when you want something other than
 * one of these.
 *
 * Note: for a shared-memory hashtable, nelem needs to be a pretty good
 * estimate, since we can't expand the table on the fly.  But an unshared
 * hashtable can be expanded on-the-fly, so it's better for nelem to be
 * on the small side and let the table grow if it's exceeded.  An overly
 * large nelem will penalize hash_seq_search speed without buying much.
 */
HTAB *
hash_create(const char *tabname, long nelem, const HASHCTL *info, int flags)
{
	HTAB	   *hashp;
	HASHHDR    *hctl;

	/*
	 * Hash tables now allocate space for key and data, but you have to say
	 * how much space to allocate.
	 */
	Assert(flags & HASH_ELEM);
	Assert(info->keysize > 0);
	Assert(info->entrysize >= info->keysize);

	/*
	 * For shared hash tables, we have a local hash header (HTAB struct) that
	 * we allocate in TopMemoryContext; all else is in shared memory.
	 *
	 * For non-shared hash tables, everything including the hash header is in
	 * a memory context created specially for the hash table --- this makes
	 * hash_destroy very simple.  The memory context is made a child of either
	 * a context specified by the caller, or TopMemoryContext if nothing is
	 * specified.
	 */
	if (flags & HASH_SHARED_MEM)
	{
		/* Set up to allocate the hash header */
		CurrentDynaHashCxt = TopMemoryContext;
	}
	else
	{
		/* Create the hash table's private memory context */
		if (flags & HASH_CONTEXT)
			CurrentDynaHashCxt = info->hcxt;
		else
			CurrentDynaHashCxt = TopMemoryContext;
		CurrentDynaHashCxt = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentDynaHashCxt,
												   "dynahash",
												   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
	}

	/* Initialize the hash header, plus a copy of the table name */
	hashp = (HTAB *) DynaHashAlloc(sizeof(HTAB) + strlen(tabname) + 1);
	MemSet(hashp, 0, sizeof(HTAB));

	hashp->tabname = (char *) (hashp + 1);
	strcpy(hashp->tabname, tabname);

	/* If we have a private context, label it with hashtable's name */
	if (!(flags & HASH_SHARED_MEM))
		MemoryContextSetIdentifier(CurrentDynaHashCxt, hashp->tabname);

	/*
	 * Select the appropriate hash function (see comments at head of file).
	 */
	if (flags & HASH_FUNCTION)
	{
		Assert(!(flags & (HASH_BLOBS | HASH_STRINGS)));
		hashp->hash = info->hash;
	}
	else if (flags & HASH_BLOBS)
	{
		Assert(!(flags & HASH_STRINGS));
		/* We can optimize hashing for common key sizes */
		if (info->keysize == sizeof(uint32))
			hashp->hash = uint32_hash;
		else
			hashp->hash = tag_hash;
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * string_hash used to be considered the default hash method, and in a
		 * non-assert build it effectively still is.  But we now consider it
		 * an assertion error to not say HASH_STRINGS explicitly.  To help
		 * catch mistaken usage of HASH_STRINGS, we also insist on a
		 * reasonably long string length: if the keysize is only 4 or 8 bytes,
		 * it's almost certainly an integer or pointer not a string.
		 */
		Assert(flags & HASH_STRINGS);
		Assert(info->keysize > 8);

		hashp->hash = string_hash;
	}

	/*
	 * If you don't specify a match function, it defaults to string_compare if
	 * you used string_hash, and to memcmp otherwise.
	 *
	 * Note: explicitly specifying string_hash is deprecated, because this
	 * might not work for callers in loadable modules on some platforms due to
	 * referencing a trampoline instead of the string_hash function proper.
	 * Specify HASH_STRINGS instead.
	 */
	if (flags & HASH_COMPARE)
		hashp->match = info->match;
	else if (hashp->hash == string_hash)
		hashp->match = (HashCompareFunc) string_compare;
	else
		hashp->match = memcmp;

	/*
	 * Similarly, the key-copying function defaults to strlcpy or memcpy.
	 */
	if (flags & HASH_KEYCOPY)
		hashp->keycopy = info->keycopy;
	else if (hashp->hash == string_hash)
	{
		/*
		 * The signature of keycopy is meant for memcpy(), which returns
		 * void*, but strlcpy() returns size_t.  Since we never use the return
		 * value of keycopy, and size_t is pretty much always the same size as
		 * void *, this should be safe.  The extra cast in the middle is to
		 * avoid warnings from -Wcast-function-type.
		 */
		hashp->keycopy = (HashCopyFunc) (pg_funcptr_t) strlcpy;
	}
	else
		hashp->keycopy = memcpy;

	/* And select the entry allocation function, too. */
	if (flags & HASH_ALLOC)
		hashp->alloc = info->alloc;
	else
		hashp->alloc = DynaHashAlloc;

	if (flags & HASH_SHARED_MEM)
	{
		/*
		 * ctl structure and directory are preallocated for shared memory
		 * tables.  Note that HASH_DIRSIZE and HASH_ALLOC had better be set as
		 * well.
		 */
		hashp->hctl = info->hctl;
		hashp->dir = (HASHSEGMENT *) (((char *) info->hctl) + sizeof(HASHHDR));
		hashp->hcxt = NULL;
		hashp->isshared = true;

		/* hash table already exists, we're just attaching to it */
		if (flags & HASH_ATTACH)
		{
			/* make local copies of some heavily-used values */
			hctl = hashp->hctl;
			hashp->keysize = hctl->keysize;
			hashp->ssize = hctl->ssize;
			hashp->sshift = hctl->sshift;

			return hashp;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		/* setup hash table defaults */
		hashp->hctl = NULL;
		hashp->dir = NULL;
		hashp->hcxt = CurrentDynaHashCxt;
		hashp->isshared = false;
	}

	if (!hashp->hctl)
	{
		hashp->hctl = (HASHHDR *) hashp->alloc(sizeof(HASHHDR));
		if (!hashp->hctl)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
					 errmsg("out of memory")));
	}

	hashp->frozen = false;

	hdefault(hashp);

	hctl = hashp->hctl;

	if (flags & HASH_PARTITION)
	{
		/* Doesn't make sense to partition a local hash table */
		Assert(flags & HASH_SHARED_MEM);

		/*
		 * The number of partitions had better be a power of 2. Also, it must
		 * be less than INT_MAX (see init_htab()), so call the int version of
		 * next_pow2.
		 */
		Assert(info->num_partitions == next_pow2_int(info->num_partitions));

		hctl->num_partitions = info->num_partitions;
	}

	if (flags & HASH_SEGMENT)
	{
		hctl->ssize = info->ssize;
		hctl->sshift = my_log2(info->ssize);
		/* ssize had better be a power of 2 */
		Assert(hctl->ssize == (1L << hctl->sshift));
	}

	/*
	 * SHM hash tables have fixed directory size passed by the caller.
	 */
	if (flags & HASH_DIRSIZE)
	{
		hctl->max_dsize = info->max_dsize;
		hctl->dsize = info->dsize;
	}

	/* remember the entry sizes, too */
	hctl->keysize = info->keysize;
	hctl->entrysize = info->entrysize;

	/* make local copies of heavily-used constant fields */
	hashp->keysize = hctl->keysize;
	hashp->ssize = hctl->ssize;
	hashp->sshift = hctl->sshift;

	/* Build the hash directory structure */
	if (!init_htab(hashp, nelem))
		elog(ERROR, "failed to initialize hash table \"%s\"", hashp->tabname);

	/*
	 * For a shared hash table, preallocate the requested number of elements.
	 * This reduces problems with run-time out-of-shared-memory conditions.
	 *
	 * For a non-shared hash table, preallocate the requested number of
	 * elements if it's less than our chosen nelem_alloc.  This avoids wasting
	 * space if the caller correctly estimates a small table size.
	 */
	if ((flags & HASH_SHARED_MEM) ||
		nelem < hctl->nelem_alloc)
	{
		int			i,
					freelist_partitions,
					nelem_alloc,
					nelem_alloc_first;

		/*
		 * If hash table is partitioned, give each freelist an equal share of
		 * the initial allocation.  Otherwise only freeList[0] is used.
		 */
		if (IS_PARTITIONED(hashp->hctl))
			freelist_partitions = NUM_FREELISTS;
		else
			freelist_partitions = 1;

		nelem_alloc = nelem / freelist_partitions;
		if (nelem_alloc <= 0)
			nelem_alloc = 1;

		/*
		 * Make sure we'll allocate all the requested elements; freeList[0]
		 * gets the excess if the request isn't divisible by NUM_FREELISTS.
		 */
		if (nelem_alloc * freelist_partitions < nelem)
			nelem_alloc_first =
				nelem - nelem_alloc * (freelist_partitions - 1);
		else
			nelem_alloc_first = nelem_alloc;

		for (i = 0; i < freelist_partitions; i++)
		{
			int			temp = (i == 0) ? nelem_alloc_first : nelem_alloc;

			if (!element_alloc(hashp, temp, i))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
						 errmsg("out of memory")));
		}
	}

	if (flags & HASH_FIXED_SIZE)
		hashp->isfixed = true;
	return hashp;
}

/*
 * Top control structure for a hashtable --- in a shared table, each backend
 * has its own copy (OK since no fields change at runtime)
 */
struct HTAB
{
	HASHHDR    *hctl;			/* => shared control information */
	HASHSEGMENT *dir;			/* directory of segment starts */
	HashValueFunc hash;			/* hash function */
	HashCompareFunc match;		/* key comparison function */
	HashCopyFunc keycopy;		/* key copying function */
	HashAllocFunc alloc;		/* memory allocator */
	MemoryContext hcxt;			/* memory context if default allocator used */
	char	   *tabname;		/* table name (for error messages) */
	bool		isshared;		/* true if table is in shared memory */
	bool		isfixed;		/* if true, don't enlarge */

	/* freezing a shared table isn't allowed, so we can keep state here */
	bool		frozen;			/* true = no more inserts allowed */

	/* We keep local copies of these fixed values to reduce contention */
	Size		keysize;		/* hash key length in bytes */
	long		ssize;			/* segment size --- must be power of 2 */
	int			sshift;			/* segment shift = log2(ssize) */
};

/*
 * Header structure for a hash table --- contains all changeable info
 *
 * In a shared-memory hash table, the HASHHDR is in shared memory, while
 * each backend has a local HTAB struct.  For a non-shared table, there isn't
 * any functional difference between HASHHDR and HTAB, but we separate them
 * anyway to share code between shared and non-shared tables.
 */
struct HASHHDR
{
	/*
	 * The freelist can become a point of contention in high-concurrency hash
	 * tables, so we use an array of freelists, each with its own mutex and
	 * nentries count, instead of just a single one.  Although the freelists
	 * normally operate independently, we will scavenge entries from freelists
	 * other than a hashcode's default freelist when necessary.
	 *
	 * If the hash table is not partitioned, only freeList[0] is used and its
	 * spinlock is not used at all; callers' locking is assumed sufficient.
	 */
	FreeListData freeList[NUM_FREELISTS];

	/* These fields can change, but not in a partitioned table */
	/* Also, dsize can't change in a shared table, even if unpartitioned */
	long		dsize;			/* directory size */
	long		nsegs;			/* number of allocated segments (<= dsize) */
	uint32		max_bucket;		/* ID of maximum bucket in use */
	uint32		high_mask;		/* mask to modulo into entire table */
	uint32		low_mask;		/* mask to modulo into lower half of table */

	/* These fields are fixed at hashtable creation */
	Size		keysize;		/* hash key length in bytes */
	Size		entrysize;		/* total user element size in bytes */
	long		num_partitions; /* # partitions (must be power of 2), or 0 */
	long		max_dsize;		/* 'dsize' limit if directory is fixed size */
	long		ssize;			/* segment size --- must be power of 2 */
	int			sshift;			/* segment shift = log2(ssize) */
	int			nelem_alloc;	/* number of entries to allocate at once */

#ifdef HASH_STATISTICS

	/*
	 * Count statistics here.  NB: stats code doesn't bother with mutex, so
	 * counts could be corrupted a bit in a partitioned table.
	 */
	long		accesses;
	long		collisions;
#endif
};

/*
 * HASHELEMENT is the private part of a hashtable entry.  The caller's data
 * follows the HASHELEMENT structure (on a MAXALIGN'd boundary).  The hash key
 * is expected to be at the start of the caller's hash entry data structure.
 */
typedef struct HASHELEMENT
{
	struct HASHELEMENT *link;	/* link to next entry in same bucket */
	uint32		hashvalue;		/* hash function result for this entry */
} HASHELEMENT;

/*
 * Compute derived fields of hctl and build the initial directory/segment
 * arrays
 */
static bool
init_htab(HTAB *hashp, long nelem)
{
	HASHHDR    *hctl = hashp->hctl;
	HASHSEGMENT *segp;
	int			nbuckets;
	int			nsegs;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * initialize mutexes if it's a partitioned table
	 */
	if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
		for (i = 0; i < NUM_FREELISTS; i++)
			SpinLockInit(&(hctl->freeList[i].mutex));

	/*
	 * Allocate space for the next greater power of two number of buckets,
	 * assuming a desired maximum load factor of 1.
	 */
	nbuckets = next_pow2_int(nelem);

	/*
	 * In a partitioned table, nbuckets must be at least equal to
	 * num_partitions; were it less, keys with apparently different partition
	 * numbers would map to the same bucket, breaking partition independence.
	 * (Normally nbuckets will be much bigger; this is just a safety check.)
	 */
	while (nbuckets < hctl->num_partitions)
		nbuckets <<= 1;

	hctl->max_bucket = hctl->low_mask = nbuckets - 1;
	hctl->high_mask = (nbuckets << 1) - 1;

	/*
	 * Figure number of directory segments needed, round up to a power of 2
	 */
	nsegs = (nbuckets - 1) / hctl->ssize + 1;
	nsegs = next_pow2_int(nsegs);

	/*
	 * Make sure directory is big enough. If pre-allocated directory is too
	 * small, choke (caller screwed up).
	 */
	if (nsegs > hctl->dsize)
	{
		if (!(hashp->dir))
			hctl->dsize = nsegs;
		else
			return false;
	}

	/* Allocate a directory */
	if (!(hashp->dir))
	{
		CurrentDynaHashCxt = hashp->hcxt;
		hashp->dir = (HASHSEGMENT *)
			hashp->alloc(hctl->dsize * sizeof(HASHSEGMENT));
		if (!hashp->dir)
			return false;
	}

	/* Allocate initial segments */
	for (segp = hashp->dir; hctl->nsegs < nsegs; hctl->nsegs++, segp++)
	{
		*segp = seg_alloc(hashp);
		if (*segp == NULL)
			return false;
	}

	/* Choose number of entries to allocate at a time */
	hctl->nelem_alloc = choose_nelem_alloc(hctl->entrysize);

#ifdef HASH_DEBUG
	fprintf(stderr, "init_htab:\n%s%p\n%s%ld\n%s%ld\n%s%d\n%s%ld\n%s%u\n%s%x\n%s%x\n%s%ld\n",
			"TABLE POINTER   ", hashp,
			"DIRECTORY SIZE  ", hctl->dsize,
			"SEGMENT SIZE    ", hctl->ssize,
			"SEGMENT SHIFT   ", hctl->sshift,
			"MAX BUCKET      ", hctl->max_bucket,
			"HIGH MASK       ", hctl->high_mask,
			"LOW  MASK       ", hctl->low_mask,
			"NSEGS           ", hctl->nsegs);
#endif
	return true;
}

/*
 * allocate some new elements and link them into the indicated free list
 */
static bool
element_alloc(HTAB *hashp, int nelem, int freelist_idx)
{
	HASHHDR    *hctl = hashp->hctl;
	Size		elementSize;
	HASHELEMENT *firstElement;
	HASHELEMENT *tmpElement;
	HASHELEMENT *prevElement;
	int			i;

	if (hashp->isfixed)
		return false;

	/* Each element has a HASHELEMENT header plus user data. */
	elementSize = MAXALIGN(sizeof(HASHELEMENT)) + MAXALIGN(hctl->entrysize);

	CurrentDynaHashCxt = hashp->hcxt;
	firstElement = (HASHELEMENT *) hashp->alloc(nelem * elementSize);

	if (!firstElement)
		return false;

	/* prepare to link all the new entries into the freelist */
	prevElement = NULL;
	tmpElement = firstElement;
	for (i = 0; i < nelem; i++)
	{
		tmpElement->link = prevElement;
		prevElement = tmpElement;
		tmpElement = (HASHELEMENT *) (((char *) tmpElement) + elementSize);
	}

	/* if partitioned, must lock to touch freeList */
	if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
		SpinLockAcquire(&hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].mutex);

	/* freelist could be nonempty if two backends did this concurrently */
	firstElement->link = hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].freeList;
	hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].freeList = prevElement;

	if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
		SpinLockRelease(&hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].mutex);

	return true;
}

CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores
 - InitBufferPool
	- StrategyInitialize
		- InitBufTable
			- ShmemInitHash

Static HTAB *SharedBufHash

	 /* For shared hash tables, we have a local hash header (HTAB struct) that
	 we allocate in TopMemoryContext; all else is in shared memory. */

/*
 * hash_search -- look up key in table and perform action
 * hash_search_with_hash_value -- same, with key's hash value already computed
 *
 * action is one of:
 *		HASH_FIND: look up key in table
 *		HASH_ENTER: look up key in table, creating entry if not present
 *		HASH_ENTER_NULL: same, but return NULL if out of memory
 *		HASH_REMOVE: look up key in table, remove entry if present
 *
 * Return value is a pointer to the element found/entered/removed if any,
 * or NULL if no match was found.  (NB: in the case of the REMOVE action,
 * the result is a dangling pointer that shouldn't be dereferenced!)
 *
 * HASH_ENTER will normally ereport a generic "out of memory" error if
 * it is unable to create a new entry.  The HASH_ENTER_NULL operation is
 * the same except it will return NULL if out of memory.
 *
 * If foundPtr isn't NULL, then *foundPtr is set true if we found an
 * existing entry in the table, false otherwise.  This is needed in the
 * HASH_ENTER case, but is redundant with the return value otherwise.
 *
 * For hash_search_with_hash_value, the hashvalue parameter must have been
 * calculated with get_hash_value().
 */
void *
hash_search(HTAB *hashp,
			const void *keyPtr,
			HASHACTION action,
			bool *foundPtr)
{
	return hash_search_with_hash_value(hashp,
									   keyPtr,
									   hashp->hash(keyPtr, hashp->keysize),
									   action,
									   foundPtr);
}

void *
hash_search_with_hash_value(HTAB *hashp,
							const void *keyPtr,
							uint32 hashvalue,
							HASHACTION action,
							bool *foundPtr)
{
	HASHHDR    *hctl = hashp->hctl;
	int			freelist_idx = FREELIST_IDX(hctl, hashvalue);
	Size		keysize;
	uint32		bucket;
	long		segment_num;
	long		segment_ndx;
	HASHSEGMENT segp;
	HASHBUCKET	currBucket;
	HASHBUCKET *prevBucketPtr;
	HashCompareFunc match;

#ifdef HASH_STATISTICS
	hash_accesses++;
	hctl->accesses++;
#endif

	/*
	 * If inserting, check if it is time to split a bucket.
	 *
	 * NOTE: failure to expand table is not a fatal error, it just means we
	 * have to run at higher fill factor than we wanted.  However, if we're
	 * using the palloc allocator then it will throw error anyway on
	 * out-of-memory, so we must do this before modifying the table.
	 */
	if (action == HASH_ENTER || action == HASH_ENTER_NULL)
	{
		/*
		 * Can't split if running in partitioned mode, nor if frozen, nor if
		 * table is the subject of any active hash_seq_search scans.
		 */
		if (hctl->freeList[0].nentries > (long) hctl->max_bucket &&
			!IS_PARTITIONED(hctl) && !hashp->frozen &&
			!has_seq_scans(hashp))
			(void) expand_table(hashp);
	}

	/*
	 * Do the initial lookup
	 */
	bucket = calc_bucket(hctl, hashvalue);

	segment_num = bucket >> hashp->sshift;
	segment_ndx = MOD(bucket, hashp->ssize);

	segp = hashp->dir[segment_num];

	if (segp == NULL)
		hash_corrupted(hashp);

	prevBucketPtr = &segp[segment_ndx];
	currBucket = *prevBucketPtr;

	/*
	 * Follow collision chain looking for matching key
	 */
	match = hashp->match;		/* save one fetch in inner loop */
	keysize = hashp->keysize;	/* ditto */

	while (currBucket != NULL)
	{
		if (currBucket->hashvalue == hashvalue &&
			match(ELEMENTKEY(currBucket), keyPtr, keysize) == 0)
			break;
		prevBucketPtr = &(currBucket->link);
		currBucket = *prevBucketPtr;
#ifdef HASH_STATISTICS
		hash_collisions++;
		hctl->collisions++;
#endif
	}

	if (foundPtr)
		*foundPtr = (bool) (currBucket != NULL);

	/*
	 * OK, now what?
	 */
	switch (action)
	{
		case HASH_FIND:
			if (currBucket != NULL)
				return (void *) ELEMENTKEY(currBucket);
			return NULL;

		case HASH_REMOVE:
			if (currBucket != NULL)
			{
				/* if partitioned, must lock to touch nentries and freeList */
				if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
					SpinLockAcquire(&(hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].mutex));

				/* delete the record from the appropriate nentries counter. */
				Assert(hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].nentries > 0);
				hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].nentries--;

				/* remove record from hash bucket's chain. */
				*prevBucketPtr = currBucket->link;

				/* add the record to the appropriate freelist. */
				currBucket->link = hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].freeList;
				hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].freeList = currBucket;

				if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
					SpinLockRelease(&hctl->freeList[freelist_idx].mutex);

				/*
				 * better hope the caller is synchronizing access to this
				 * element, because someone else is going to reuse it the next
				 * time something is added to the table
				 */
				return (void *) ELEMENTKEY(currBucket);
			}
			return NULL;

		case HASH_ENTER:
		case HASH_ENTER_NULL:
			/* Return existing element if found, else create one */
			if (currBucket != NULL)
				return (void *) ELEMENTKEY(currBucket);

			/* disallow inserts if frozen */
			if (hashp->frozen)
				elog(ERROR, "cannot insert into frozen hashtable \"%s\"",
					 hashp->tabname);

			currBucket = get_hash_entry(hashp, freelist_idx);
			if (currBucket == NULL)
			{
				/* out of memory */
				if (action == HASH_ENTER_NULL)
					return NULL;
				/* report a generic message */
				if (hashp->isshared)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
							 errmsg("out of shared memory")));
				else
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
							 errmsg("out of memory")));
			}

			/* link into hashbucket chain */
			*prevBucketPtr = currBucket;
			currBucket->link = NULL;

			/* copy key into record */
			currBucket->hashvalue = hashvalue;
			hashp->keycopy(ELEMENTKEY(currBucket), keyPtr, keysize);

			/*
			 * Caller is expected to fill the data field on return.  DO NOT
			 * insert any code that could possibly throw error here, as doing
			 * so would leave the table entry incomplete and hence corrupt the
			 * caller's data structure.
			 */

			return (void *) ELEMENTKEY(currBucket);
	}

	elog(ERROR, "unrecognized hash action code: %d", (int) action);

	return NULL;				/* keep compiler quiet */
}

                  max bucket
|-------------|-----|---------|
          low mask.      high mask